Xin tôn trọng bản quyền tác giả © Mr. Dinh Huy và © http://EnglishSemanticsOfficial.blogspot.com/
Presupposition
- Tiền giả định “what
a speaker or writer assumes that the receiver of the message already knows”
(Richard, Platt & Weber, 1987:228) (tạm dịch: điều mà người nói hoặc viết cho rằng người
nhận thông điệp đã biết.)
Supposition © Paintedserrate
1. Factive
verbs: assumes some thing to be a fact.
(tạm
dịch: cho rằng vài thứ là thật.)
Understand
Know
Regret
…
Ex:
“I
know that you’ve tried your best.”
(presupposition)
I
am aware that
The
hearer has tried his/her best.
Regret
+ that
+
V-ing
“She
regret telling him the news.”
(presupposition)
She
told him the news.
“Isn’t
it surprising that she left the city?”
(presupposition)
She
left the city.
2. Non-factive
verbs: one that is assumed not to be true.
(tạm
dịch: những động từ được cho là không đúng sự thật.”
Pretend,
imagine
“He
pretended to listen.”
(presupposition)
He
didn’t listen.
“He
pretended not to notice the remark.”
(presupposition)
He
noticed the remark.
“She
images living in the USA
She
is not living in the USA
“Let’s
imaging that today is New Year.”
(presupposition)
Today
is not New Year.
3. WH-question:
a complete statement. (một tuyên bố đã hoàn thành.)
How
much did you pay for it?
(presupposition)
The
hearer bought it.
“Where
did you put it?”
(presupposition)
The
hearer put it somewhere.
4. Conjunction
When
he came, we were studying.
5. Conditional
2 &3: if =without
“If
I had a plane, I would fly to Thai Lan.”
The
speaker doesn’t have a plane.
“If
I didn’t have a motorbike, I couldn’t go to work.”
The
speaker has a motorbike.
“If
you hadn’t helped me, I wouldn’t have repair my…”
The
hearer helped the speaker.
“Without
his interference, I would have completed the project on time.”
He
interfered.
6. Should
have + PP
"You
should have told me."
(presupposition)
The
hearer did not tell the speaker.
Exercises:
1. “I
lost my grammar book yesterday.’
→The
speaker had a grammar book.
2.
“It took us two days to come back from Hanoi
→We
once came to Hanoi
3. “I
think I will have good result for the examination.’
→The
hear knows what the examination refers to.
→The
speaker has taken part in it.
4.
“He couldn’t find his old friend’s address in this street.”
→The
hearer knows who “he” refers to.
→The
hearer knows what district it is.
He
has an old friend.
His
old friend lives in this street.
5. “I
have to hand in my assignment today.”
→The
hearer has an assignment to hand in.
6.
“On the occasion of my friend’s birthday, I intend to buy her a new vase.”
→The
speaker has a female friend.
→My
friend’s birthday is coming soon.
7.
“Why did you steal my car?”
→The
speaker had a car.
→The
hearer stole the speaker’s car.
8.
“Morpheus has stopped drinking wine for breakfast.”
→The
hearer knows who “Morpheus” is.
→Morpheus
has been drinking wine for breakfast until then before stopping.
9.
“Walther’s niece bought a white rabbit again.”
→The
hearer knows who “Walther’s niece” is.
→Walther
has a niece.
→Walther’s
niece had bought a white rabbit at least once.
10. “If
only she had not returned there.”
→The
hearer knows who “she” refers to, and where “there” refers to.
→She
had been there at least once.
→She
had returned there.
11.
“Don’t do that again.”
→The
hearer knows what “that” refers to.
→The
hearer did that at least once.
12.
“When did she start writing her research paper?”
→The
hearer knows who “she” refers to.
→She
has a research paper to write.
→She
had not written the research paper before.
→She
started writing her research paper.
13.
“Joan no longer wrote her former basketball teammates?”
→The
hearer knows who “Joan” is.
→Joan
used to play basketball in a team.
→Joan
used to write to her former basketball teammates.
14.
“I can’t remember where I put my bag.”
→The
speaker has a bag.
→The
speaker put his/her bag somewhere.
15.
“Barbana is a better linguist than Anne.”
→The
hearer knows who Barbana and Anne are.
→Anne
is a linguist, too.
16.
“My Dad can cook better than my Mon.”
→My
Mom can cook, too.
17.
“I didn’t manage to answer his letter immediately.”
→The
hearer knows who “he” refers to.
→He
wrote the speaker a letter.
→The
speaker tried to answer his letter.
18.
“Dick has begun to do a share of the chores.”
→The
hearer knows who “Dick” is.
→Dick
had not done a share of the chores before that.
19.
“You shouldn’t have had such high hopes.”
→The
hearer had very high hopes.
20.
“ Isn’t it surprising that he continues to go out with her after being let down
so many times?”
→The
hearer knows who “he” and “her” refer to.
→He
has been let down many times.
→He
has been going with her.
→He
continues to go out with her after being let down so many times.
21."Your
car is nice."
→The
hearer knows what car refers to.
→The
hearer has a car.
22."Mary’s
dog is cute."
→The
hearer knows who “Mary” refers to.
→Mary
has a dog.
23.
"I wish I were rich."
→I
am not rich.
24."We
regret telling her the news."
→The
hearer knows who “we” and “her” refer to.
→We
told her the news.
25."I
won’t do it again."
→The
hearer knows what ‘it’ is.
→The
speaker did it at least one before.
26."Where
did you see that film?"
→The
hearer knows what “film” it was.
→The
hearer saw the film somewhere.
27."Can
you stop playing with your cat?"
→The
hearer knows who “cat” refers to.
28."John
sent his application to Mary’s company."
→The
hearer knows who “John” and “Mary” refer to.
→John
was applying for a job
→Mary
works at company.
29."Did
they talk to her?"
→The
hearer knows who “they” and “her” refer to.
30."Don’t
do it again."
→The
hearer knows what “it” refers to.
→The
hearer did it at least one before.
31."He
returned there."
→The
hearer knows who “he” refers to, and where “there” refer to
→He
had been there at least once before.
32."Have
you seen John’s new car?"
→The
hearer knows who “John” is.
→John
has a new car.
33."It’s
a shame that you lie again."
→It’s
shameful that the hearer has lied at least once before.
→It’s
shameful that the hearer lies again.
34."I
regret sending that letter to you."
→The
hearer knows what “that letter” it was.
→The
speaker sent that letter to the hearer.
35."They
act as if they were my parents."
→The
hearer knows who “they” refer to.
→They
are not my parents.
36.“The
exam is not so difficult”
→The
hearer knows what the exam refers to.
→There
is an exam.
37."Could
you drive me to the airport?"
→The
hearer knows where the airport is located.
38.“It
is going to rain for a long time.” (a rediction)
→It
is raining now.
39.“I
am going to have a final examination in Semantics.”
→The
hearer knows what “a final examination” refers to.
→I
haven’t taken the final examination in Semantics yet.
40.“We
are going to be teachers of English.”
→The
hearer knows who “we” refer to.
→We
haven’t been teachers of English yet.
41.“My
sister is going to graduate from university.”
→The
hearer knows who “my sister” refers to.
→I
have a sister.
→My
sister hasn’t graduated from university yet.
42.“I
am going to have a new grammar book.”
→I
have a grammar book.
→I
haven’t bought any new one yet.
43.
“They are happy with the results of the final exam.”
→The
hearer knows who “they” refer to and what “the results of the final exam”
refers to.
→There
is a final exam.
→They
have taken part in the final exam.
44.
“You are late again!”
→The
hearer has been late before.
45.“He
pretended to listen.”
→He
didn’t listen.
46.“He
pretended not to notice the remark.”
→He
noticed the remark.
47. “How was your wedding.’
→The
hearer has just got married and held a wedding.
48.
“Try to give up smoking.”
→The hearer have been smoking.
49. “What subjects are you talking.”
→The hearer is talking some
subjects.
50. “I remember posting your
letter.”
→The speaker wrote a letter.
51. “John’s cat is missing.”
→The hearer knows who “John”
is.
→John had a cat.
52. “The garage on the corner
is still open.”
→There exists a garage on the
corner.
53. “He pretends to be ill.”
→The hearer knows who ‘he”
refers to.
→He is not ill.
54. “He tried to catch the
train.”
→The hearer knows who ‘he”
refers to.
→He had a train to catch.
55. “Had I been here
yesterday,..”
56. “Have some more tea.”
→The hearer has had some tea
before that.
57. “The film was terrible.”
→The hearer knows what “the
film” it was.
58. “You shouldn’t have seen
that film.”
→The hearer knows what “film”
it was.
→The hearer saw that film.
59. “My former sweat heart
has just left for America
→The speaker had at least a
sweat heart before.
60. “I regret saying “no” to
your request.”
→The hearer made a request to
the speaker.
→The speaker said “no” to the
hearer’s request.
61. “Who broke the vase?”
→The hearer knows what “vase”
it was.
→Someone broke the vase.
62. “I’m going to apply for a
job.”
→The speaker hasn’t applied
for a job.
63. “My sister is going to
graduate from university.”
→The hearer knows who “my
sister” is.
→The speaker has a sister.
64.
“When I get married, I will invite all of you.”
→The
speaker has not got married yet.
65.
“My neighbor is a widow.”
→The
speaker has a neighbor.
66. “My sister is coming back
to VN next week.”
→The hearer knows who “sister”
is.
→The speaker has a sister.
→My sister has been to VN at
least one before.
67. “They are happy with the
results of the final exams.”
(presupposition)
→The hearer knows what “the
exams” they were.
→They took part in the exams.
→The result of the final exams
have been published.
68. “How fast was the car
going when it ran the red light?”
(presupposition)
→The hearer knows what “the
car” it was.
69. “Where is the car you
took from John’s house?”
→The hearer knows who “John” is.
→The hearer knows who “John” is.
→John has a house.
→The hear took a car from
John’s housing.
→The hearer leaves the car
somewhere.
70. “Then you can give Monica
a lift.”
→The hearer knows who “Monica”
is.
→The hearer has a car.
71. “They act as if they were
my parents.”
→The hearer knows who “they”
are.
→They are not the speaker’s
parents.
72. “She keeps complaining
like an old woman.”
→The hearer knows who “she”
refers to.
→She has been complaining
before.
→She is not an old woman.
73. “It’s going to be hot for
some more weeks.”
→It has been hot for some time
now.
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