Xin tôn trọng bản quyền tác giả © http://EnglishSemanticsOfficial.blogspot.com/
Freedom of speech © Effuchu
Simile – so sánh (use words “like”, “as”)
Personification - Phép nhân hóa (là một phần của Metaphor
nhưng lại có tri giác)
Cách làm: to be described as being able to have intent
Metonymy – Không so sánh, dùng thay cho một cái gì đó.
Synecdoche – Tổng thể thay cho cái thành phần
Cách làm: A stand for B
Hyperbole – Cường điệu, nói quá sự thật.
Cách làm: It's impossible for someone to....
Euphemism – Nói tránh (về xã hội : cái chết, quan hệ nam nữ,
vệ sinh cá nhân)
Litotes – Nói giảm (to emphasize a positive meaning. Ex: I don’t
think you can’t do that)
Cách làm: to be equivalent to (tương đương với)
Irony – Mỉa mai
Sarcasm – Mỉa mai cay chua, độc ác
Metaphor - Ẩn dụ
Cách làm: to be compared to
Exercises:
1. I’ve invited millions of people to my party.
→Hyperbole.
→It is impossible for someone to invite millions of people to
the party, which means I’ve invited a lot of people to my party.
2. The President claims that his administration contains the
best brains in the country.
→Synecdoche
→The best brains stand for people, which mean the President's
administration contains the best people in the country.
3. All of her cattle were affected. She lost over 50 head.
→Synecdoche
→Head stands for animal, which means she lost over 50 animals.
4. I don’t know much about the childhood of the world.
→The world is described as having the childhood like human,
which means I don’t know much about the early time of the world.
5. Cancer finally caught up with her.
→Personification
→Cancer is described as able to catch up with like human, which
means she had cancer.
6. Pearl Harbor was a sad event in America’s history.
→Metonymy
→Pear Harbor stands for the battle where the US was defeated by
the Japan, which means the defeat of Pear Harbor was a sad event.
7. Going to university is expensive these days and
textbooks alone will cost a fortune.
→Hyperbole.
→It is impossible for textbooks to cost a fortune, which means
textbooks alone cost a lot of money.
P/S: Textbooks alone tạm dịch là nội sách giáo khoa.
8. This sword is not useless to the warrior.
→Litotes.
→Not useless is equivalent to useful, which means this sword is
useful to the warrior.
9. Listening to him, we discovered what a great mind he is.
→Metonymy.
→A great mind stands for a talent, which means we discovered
what a talent he is.
10. Do you think you can trust his words?
→Metonymy.
→The words stand for the people, which means you can trust
him.
11. Our farm needs more hands.
→Synecdoche.
→Hands stands for workers, which means our farm needs more
people.
12. If you ride your motorbike at midday, the streets are a
furnace.
→Metaphor.
→The streets are compared to a furnace, which means the streets
are very hot.
13. The wind howled through the streets.
→Personification.
→The wind is described as being able to have howl like
animals.
14. There is a storm in the family last night.
→Metaphor
→A storm symbolizes an argument, which means there is an
argument in the family last night.
15. There is still a ray of hope for her.
→Metaphor.
→ Hope is compared to light, which means there is a little
hope for her.
16. When you take that course, plan to study 30 hours a
day.
→Hyperbole. Vì một ngày chỉ có 24 giờ, vậy nghĩa là học nhiều giờ
mỗi ngày.
→It is impossible for someone to study 30 hours a day, which
means you plan to study for a long time every day.
17. I will die if she asks me to dance.
→Hyperbole
→It is impossible for someone to die if she asks to dance, which
means I will be extremely shocked if she asks me to dance.
18. This city is no ordinary city.
→Litotes
→No ordinary is equivalent to excellent, which means this city
is an excellent city.
19. She has many mouths to feed.
→Synecdoche.
→Mouths stands for person, which means she has many persons to
feed.
20. The chair protested against her weight.
→Personification.
→The chair is described as being able to have intent and protest
like people.
21. This man is a beast.
→Metaphor.
→This man is compared to a beast, which means this man is cruel
or dangerous.
22. Don't you know that walls have ears?
23. She has no time even to sleep.
→Hyperbole.
→It is impossible for someone to have no time to sleep, which
means she has very little time to sleep.
24. The office was flooded with applications.
→Metaphor.
→Applications are compared to water, which means the office
received too many applications.
25. We were obliged to dispense with the butler's services last
month.
→Euphemism.
→Dispense with someone's services is equivalent to fire
(dismiss/ sack)
26. He tried to take the heat out of the situation.
→Metaphor.
→The heat is compared to the tension, which means he tried to
take the tension out of the situation.
27. The majority of the press support the goverment's foreign
policy.
→Metonymy.
→The press stands for the journalists.
28. He never got to be president, but he was the biggest man.
→Hyperbole.
→It's impossible for someone to be a biggest man, which means he
is the most talented man.
29. The neighbours agreed to a truce over their barbeque
dispute.
→Metaphor.
→The barbeque is compared to a war, which means the neighbours
agreed to stop their barbeque dispute for a short time.
30. The price of the meal is set at 20$ per head.
→Metonomy.
→Head stands for person.
31. He attacked every weak point in my arguments.
→Metaphor.
→My arguments are compared to a fortress with weak and strong
points, which means he criticized every weak point in my arguments.
32. There were 30 hands employed in this company.
→Metonomy.
→Hands stand for workers.
33. “She is a girl of 20 summers.”
→ “Summer” là synecdoche (phép chuyển nghĩa) dùng tổng thể “mùa
hè” muốn nói thành phần là độ tuổi, cái xuân xanh của đời người.
→She is a girl of 20.
→She is twenty years old.
→She is a twenty year old girl.
34. The police team has cemented close ties with the hospital
staft.
→Metaphor.
→Ties are compared to physical structures, which means the
police team has built close ties with the hospital staft.
35. The rain hesitantly dropped on the leaves.
→Personification.
→The rain is described as being able to hesitate like human.
36. So he set out to look for his friend from highest mountains
to the deepest crevasses.
→Hyperbole.
→The highest mountains and deepest crevasses stand for the most
remote and dangerous places.
(or)
→It's impossible for someone to go from highest mountains
to the deepest crevasses, which means so he set out to look for his friend
from the most remote and dangerous places.
37. The pen is mightier than the sword.
→ The pen stands for the writer, the sword stands for the
soldier. This is a Metonymy (profession-means).
→The writer is mightier than the soldier.
Gift:
Nếu bạn là người lính, bạn có thể giết được vài người.
Nếu bạn là bác sĩ, bạn có thể giết được 100 người.
Nếu bạn là tác giả, bạn có thể giết được hàng ngàn người.
Nhưng nếu bạn là nhà tư tưởng, bạn có thể giết cả một thế hệ.
38. The organization is keeping the brake on pay rises.
→Keep the brake on the pay rises is a Metaphor which means
control pay rises. (so sánh cái thắng xe để kiềm hãm cái gì đang tăng rất
nhanh).
→The organization is trying to control pay rises.
→The organization is controlling pay rises.
39. A: "How are you going?"
B:
"I am dead."
→Hyperbole.
→It's impossible for someone to be dead if someone asks how you
are, which means B is very tired.
40. I've never read Shakespeare in my life.
→Shakespeare stands for works by Shakespeare.
41. Don't argue with him. He's mentally challenged.
→Euphemism.
→Mentally challenged is equivalent to mad.
42. My hands are as cold as ice.
→Simile
→My hands are very cold.
43. I'll make him eat his words.
→Metaphor
→I will make admit that what he has said is wrong.
44. He is the best pen of the day.
→Metonymy
→He is the best writer of the day.
45. She has a good head of business.
→Metonymy
→She has a good talent of business
46. She usually sheds floods of tears whenever she is upset.
→Hyperbole
→She usually cries a lot whenever she is upset.
47. We need a force of a thousand rifles.
→Metonymy
→We need a force of a thousand soldiers.
48. You are a mist that appears for a little while and then
vanishes.
→Metaphor
→You come and go quickly.
49. He washed his hand out of the matter.
→Metaphor. Câu này dịch nôm na là anh ta rửa
tay gác kiếm, nghĩa là anh ta không nhận trách nhiệm gì về vấn đề đó nữa.
→He denied all responsibilities for the matter.
50. He looks as though he hasn't had a square meal for months.
→Metaphor. Cụm từ “a square meal” nghĩa là bữa
ăn đầy đủ chất dinh dưỡng, không phải là bữa ăn vuông nhé.
→He looks as though he hadn't had a satisfied meal/ a feast for
months.
51. Who brought fire and sword into our country?
→Metonymy (phép hoán dụ).
Cụm từ "fire and sword" nghĩa là gươm giáo, muốn dùng
thay cho chiến tranh.
→Who brought war into our country?
52. Why don't you recognize the power of the purse?
→Metonymy
→Why don't you recognize the power of the money?
P/S: Chữ "purse" muốn nói đến "quyền lực"
hay “cái giỏ đựng tiền”.
53. I found the 52 pounds of books you left for me to carry.
Your kindness really moves me.
→Irony
→You were not kind to me at all.
54. The man is a demon for work.
→Metaphor
→The man is an energetic person who works very hard.
→The man is an energytic person who work
tirelessly.
P/S: "a demon" - một người tràn đầy năng lượng.
55. They organized a fleet of 50 sails.
→Synecdoche
→They organized a fleet of 50 ships.
56. She is a girl of 20 summers.
→Synecdoche
→She is a girl of 20.
57. When you take that course, plan to study 30 hours a day.
→Hyperbole
→When you take that course, plan to study for a long time every
day.
58. The wind howled angrily around the house all night.
→“Howled angrily” là Personification, một cách
diễn tả hành động của người, có nghĩa là gió thổi rất mạnh như tiếng tru rống
giận dữ của người.
→The wind blew strongly around the house all night.
59. Grey hair should be respected.
→Synecdoche. Vì thành phần “tóc xám” thay cho tổng
thể là người lớn, người già.
→Old/elderly people should be respected.
60. Spare the rod, spoil the child.
→ “The rod” trong trường hợp này là Metonymy
(phép hoán dụ), vì roi vọt là cái cụ thể (concrete) để thay cho hình phạt là
cái trừu tượng (abstract).
→If you don’t punish a child when he does
wrong, you will spoil his character.
61. Their Majesty died a year ago.
→Metonymy
→Their King died a year ago.
62. When the White House called, the ambassador came at once.
→“The White House” là Metonymy (phép hoán dụ),
vì Nhà Trắng chỉ là cái chứa đựng (container), còn “the US President” mới là
cái được chứa (contained).
→When the US President called, the ambassador
came at once.
63. My dormitory room is like a cave.
→Simile
→My dormitory room is small and uncomfortable.
64. Come to the dormitory and see what a cave l live in.
→Metaphor
→Come to the dormitory and see what a small and uncomfortable
room I live in.
65. If you are not happy with the service, go and talk to the
City Hall.
→“The City Hall” là Metonymy (phép hoán dụ), vì
tòa thị sảnh là “container”, còn ông thị trưởng mới là “contained”. Nói cái tòa
thị sảnh muốn chỉ ông thị trưởng của thành phố, cũng giống như nói Nhà Trắng ám
chỉ Tổng thống.
→If you are not happy with the service, go and
talk to the city’s Mayor.
66. The princess captures the hearts of the nation.
→ “The hearts”, trái tim là một bộ phận của con
người [concrete] + [part], trái tim còn muốn ám chỉ tình yêu (abstract), vậy
“the hearts” là Metonymy, nghĩa là muốn nói đến tất cả con người của đất nước
đó.
→All the people that country love the princess.
67. He has a kind heart.
→“A heart”, trái tim là một bộ phận của con người
[concrete] + [part], được dùng thay cho con người [+human], [+concrete] và
[+whole]. Vậy “a heart” trong trường hợp này là Synecdoche, nghĩa là một người
tốt.
→He is a kind-hearted person.
68. The river ate the bank away.
→Động từ “ăn” chỉ dùng cho người nhưng ở dây được
gán cho “dòng sông”, đây là cách nói nhân hóa (Personification). Vậy câu này có
nghĩa là dòng sông làm xói mòn bờ sông hoặc bị phá hủy dần dần.
→The river eroded/ gradually destroyed the
bank.
69. The captain was in charge of 100 horses.
→Metonymy
→The captain was in charge of 100 cavalries.
70. You can depend on Paul; he is a rock when trouble comes.
→Metaphor
→You can depend on Paul; he has strong nerves when trouble
comes.
71. Life is a dream.
→Metaphor
→Life is short.
72. Research says that these methods are best.
→Personification
→Researchers say that these methods are best.
73. Little Susie is a picture of loveliness in her new dress.
→Metaphor
→Little Susie is so lovely in her new dress.
74. There was a storm in Parliament last night.
→Metaphor
→There was a serious argument in Parliament last night.
75. He worked and worked until he breathed his last.
→Euphemism
→He worked and worked until he died.
76. We are tired to death of such movies.
→Hyperbole
→We are extremely tired of such movies.
77. His words can be trusted.
→Metonymy
→We can trust him.
78. The boss gave her a hot look.
→Metaphor
→The boss looked at her angrily.
79. He could not bridle his anger.
→Metonymy
→He could not control his anger.
80. The organization is keeping the brake on pay rises.
→Metaphor
→The organization is trying to control pay rises.
81. Death is laying his icy hand on the Queen.
→Euphemism
→The Queen is about to die.
82. The pen is mightier than the sword.
→Metonymy
→The writer is mightier than the soldier.
83. A camel is a ship in a desert.
→Metaphor
→In the desert, a camel is as useful for transportation as a
ship on the sea.
Interesting facts:
-Lạc đà có thể nhịn đói, nhịn khát một thời gian dài trong sa mạc,
khoảng hơn 3 tháng.
-Lạc đà có trực giác. Khi có bão nó nằm xuống cho mình trú bão.
Ngoài ra, khi trời đêm nhiệt độ trong sa mạc rất lạnh, thân nhiệt lạc đà có thể
giữ ấm cho mình.
84. Your charm and good looks exceed your wit (tóc
dài mà trí ngắn).
→Irony
→You are charming and beautiful but not wise enough.
85. With friends like you, who needs enemies?
→Irony
→You are worst enemies.
86. You have to pay the earth for such a masterpiece.
→Hyperbole
→You have to pay a lot of money for such a masterpiece.
87. Luck almost always turns back to those who dare not face
difficulty.
→Personification
→Those who dare note face difficulty usually fail in life.
88. A dead leaf fell in my lap; that was Jack Frost's card.
→Personification
→A dead leaf fell in my lap, the winter is coming here.
89. The ship plowed the sea.
→Metaphor
→The ship crossed the sea.
90. The captain exploded with rage when the soldiers disobeyed
him.
→Metaphor. Exploded with rage (đùng đùng nổi
giận), this is a Metaphor which means get angry suddenly.
→The captain got angry suddenly when the soldiers disobeyed
him.
91. He is fishing for compliments.
→Metaphor
→He is trying to make someone praise him.
92. Watch out! He's foxing you.
→Metaphor
→Watch out! He is tricking you.
93. My dormitary room is like a cave.
→Simile
→My dormitary room is small and uncomfortable.
94. This job requires an outstanding brain.
→Metaphor
→This job requires an excellent brain.
95. Their Majesty died a year ago.
→Metonymy
→Their King died a year ago.
96. I am a captain of my soul.
→Metonymy
→I can decide my own life.
97. There is still a ray of hope for her
→Metaphor
→Hope is compared to light, which means there is a little hope
for her.
98. There is a storm in the family last night.
→Metaphor
→A storm symbolizes an argument, which means there is an
argument in the family last night.
99. If you ride your motorbike at midday, the streets are a
furnace.
→Metaphor
→The streets are compared to a furnace, which means the streets
are very hot.
100. Language is a roadmap of a culture. It tells you where its
people come from and where they are going.
→Metaphor
→Language is compared to a roadmap of a culture, which means it
shows people’s origin and future.
101. The chair protested against her weight.
→Personification
→The chair is described as being able to have intent and protest
like people.
102.The wind howled through the streets.
→Personification
→The wind is described as being able to have howl like animals.
103. I am trying to get the fuel pump back on but the bolt is
being uncooperative.
→Personification
→The bolt is described as being able to have intent and be
uncooperative.
104 .Brazil won the World Cup.
→Synecdoche
→Brazil stands for the Brazilian football team, which means the
Brazilian football team won the World Cup.
105. Our farm needs more hands.
→Synecdoche
→Hands stands for workers, which means our farm needs more
people.
106. He has many mouths to feed.
→Synecdoche
→Mouths stands for person, which means he has many persons to
feed.
107. Listening to him, we discovered what a great mind he is.
→Metonymy
→A great mind stands for a talent, which means we discovered
what a talent he is
108. Do you think you can trust his words?
→Metonymy
→The words stand for the people, which means you can trust him.
109. In the 2010 winter Olympics, Canada won 10 gold medals.
→Synecdoche
→Canada stands for the Canadian winter Olympics team, which
means the Canadian winter Olympics team won 10 gold medals.
110. I will die if she asks me to dance.
→Hyperbole
→It is impossible for someone to die if she asks to dance, which
means I will be extremely shocked if she asks me to dance.
111. I am so hungry. I would give my right hand arm for a piece
of pizza.
→Hyperbole
→It is impossible for someone to give my right hand arm for a
piece of pizza, which means I am extremely hungry.
112. Going to university is expensive these days and textbooks
alone will cost a fortune.
→Hyperbole
→It is impossible for textbooks to cost a fortune, which means
textbooks alone cost a lot of money.
113. This sword is not useless to the warrior.
→Litotes
→Not useless is equivalent to useful, which means this sword is
useful to the warrior.
114. This city is no ordinary city.
→Litotes
→No ordinary is equivalent to excellent, which means this city
is an excellent city.
115. He worked and worked until he breathed his last.
→Euphemism
→He breathed his last means he died.
116. My father was laid to rest in the cemetery.
→Euphemism
→My father was buried in the cemetery.
117. “Don’t live in such a sea of double”
→“Live in such a sea of double” là Hyberpole
(phép nói cường điệu), nghĩa là không nên sống trong trạng thái hoài nghi, nghi
ngờ.
→Don't live with so many doubts.
0 nhận xét:
Đăng nhận xét